Heat the Dutch oven over medium-high heat and add ground beef to the pot.
Break beef into crumbles and cook until browned completely, about 6-7 minutes total.
Drain excess fat from the pot, leaving beef and about one tablespoon of drippings.
Add diced onion and minced garlic, sauté until onion becomes translucent and fragrant throughout.
Stir in tomato paste and cook for 1-2 minutes to deepen flavor.
Pour in beef broth and diced tomatoes with their juices into the pot now.
Add chopped cabbage, dried thyme, and a bay leaf to the soup mixture in the pot.
Season with salt and black pepper, then bring everything to a rolling boil.
Reduce the heat to low and simmer uncovered for 25-30 minutes total.
Remove the bay leaf and taste the soup, adjusting the seasoning with more salt if needed.
Ladle into bowls and serve hot with crusty bread or your favorite sides.